Conjunctions (Linking Words)
➕ Addition: And
The word "and" is used to connect similar ideas or add information. It shows that two or more things are happening together or are related.
Examples:
- Ahmed did his homework and watched TV.
- I like potatoes and tomatoes. I like oranges, bananas and apples.
- Ahmed likes chocolate and his sister likes ice cream.
- Bilal and Kamal are playing video games.
- A and B are listening to the teacher.
🤔 Giving a Reason/Cause: Because, Since
Use "because" and "since" to explain why something happens. They answer the question "why?" and show the cause of something.
Because/Since = Reason/Cause
Examples:
- I work hard because/since I want to succeed. (Answers "why?")
- Because/Since I want to succeed, I work hard.
- Kamal succeeded because/since he paid attention in class.
- Because/since he paid attention in class, Kamal succeeded.
Note: Since = because (they have the same meaning)
📊 Giving Result/Outcome: So
The word "so" shows the result or consequence of something. It can also be used for addition in some cases.
Result – Outcome:
- The company is expanding, so they are taking on extra staff.
- It was raining, so we stayed at home.
- I have a stomach-ache, so I can't go to school.
Addition:
- I like chocolate, so does my brother.
⚖️ Opposition: But
The word "but" is used to show contrast or opposition between two ideas. It connects two opposite or contrasting statements.
Examples:
- He works hard, but he doesn't earn much.
- Chinese products are cheap, but they are of low quality.
- I like ice cream, but I really love chocolate.
📝 Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences using the given linking words
- Adil works very hard. He wants to help his parents. (because)
- I like ice cream. I like chocolate. (and)
- Salma didn't revise her lessons. She didn't pass the test. (so/because)
- I feel hungry. I don't want to eat. (but)
- They did their best. They lost the match. (but)
- I'm on a diet. I'm overweight. (since)
📝 Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct linking words
- I go to the gym to keep fit [and/but] __ meet my friends.
- [Because/So]__ there are no parks near my house, I go to the forest.
- I like the countryside [since/but] __ the people there are friendly.
- The bus is cheap [and/but] __ it's often crowded.
✅ Exercise p60 Correction
- Jamila has a sore throat, so she can't sing today.
- Amine must see the doctor because he is sick.
- Nawal can play the piano, but she can't play the guitar.
- Bill has the flu, and his sister has an earache.
- Alice can't see the doctor because she doesn't have an appointment.
- Alan is very sick, so he can't go to work.
- The doctor is here, but he can't see you now.
- Samir has a fever, a runny nose, and a sore throat.
💡 Tip: Remember the functions: And adds information, Because/Since give reasons, So shows results, and But shows contrast. Practice using these linking words to make your sentences flow better!